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Even then, the joint working party has to approve the suggested name. An independent body (a joint working party between the IUPAC and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics) first has to scrutinize the evidence and confirm that atoms of the element in question were actually formed (albeit briefly), then establish who exactly made them first, and, finally, wait for all the concerned parties within the group who first made the discovery to agree on a name. The naming process is not a trivial matter, and it usually takes several years. It’s possible that other elements might be synthesized- research is certainly ongoing-but it’s unlikely that the table will ever appear as neat again, since to fill the next row, another fifty-four elements would need to be made. These four additions finally ‘completed’ the periodic table, in that every space had a named element from number 1 (hydrogen) to number 118 (oganesson), and all seven rows of the table were now filled. N November 2016, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) officially announced the proposed names for four new elements- nihonium, moscovium, tennessine, and oganesson. I dedicate this book to Joanne and Keith Rutherford who not only share their name with the discoverer of the most abundant element in the atmosphere, but who, in the course of their valuable professions, save lives by administering the second most abundant element, just as foreseen by its discoverer 250 years ago. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2019945159 ISBN 978–0–19–965272–3 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, Elcograf S.p.A. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization.
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Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Peter Wothers 2019 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2019 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Throughout, Wothers delights in dusting off the original sources, and bringing to light the astonishing, the unusual, and the downright weird origins behind the names of the elements so familiar to us today.Ī N T I M O N Y, G OL D, A N D J U P I T E R’ S WOL Fġ Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6dp, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. While some of the origins of the names were controversial (and, indeed incorrect - some saying, for instance, that oxygen might be literally taken to mean 'the son of a vinegar merchant'), they have nonetheless influenced language used around the world to this very day. Following this, a number of elements, including hydrogen and oxygen, were named during the great reform of chemistry, set amidst the French Revolution. As he reveals, the oldest-known elements were often associated with astronomical bodies, and connections with the heavens influenced the naming of a number of elements. Delving back in time to explore the history and gradual development of chemistry, he sifts through medieval manuscripts for clues to the stories surrounding the discovery of the elements, showing how they were first encountered or created, and how they were used in everyday lives. Here, Peter Wothers explores the fascinating and often surprising stories behind how the chemical elements received their names. But where do these names come from? For some, usually the most recent, the origins are quite obvious, but in others - even well-known elements such as oxygen or nitrogen - the roots are less clear. This is because all the 'gaps' corresponding to missing elements in the seventh row, or period, have recently been filled and the elements named. The iconic Periodic Table of the Elements is now in its most satisfyingly elegant form.